...demonstrate that no one level or cause is singly deterministic or wholly explanatory but, when combined 6 First used to explain human development (Bronfenbrenner 1977), the "ecological model" has been applied to elucidate the complexities of violence etiology. Used variously to explain child abuse (Belsky...

...violence without reducing the analysis to an assessment of a sole cause of any single type of violence. 6 First used to explain human development (Bronfenbrenner 1977), the "ecological model" has been applied to elucidate the complexities of violence etiology. Used variously to explain child abuse (Belsky...

...still exceeded the annual average of 6,000 violent deaths a year during the civil war (Pearce 1998). 8 First used to explain human development (Bronfenbrenner...coercion (Brown 1995), and domestic violence (Heise 1998, Ellsberg et al. 1996). The ecological model is a multi-level framework that incorporates both individual-level...

...is not useful to look for specific causes of violence because its nature is constantly changing. 3 The 'ecological model' has been used by violence researchers to elucidate the complex causes of, for example, child abuse (Belsky 1980), youth violence (Garbarino 1995), sexual coercion (Brown 1995),...