Women at Work: Challenges for Latin America

analysis Argentina average benefits Bogotá Bolivia Brazil Caribbean changes characteristics Chile coefficients cohorts Colombia Corrected for Selectivity Costa Rica differential discrimination domestic Duncan index earners earnings ECLAC economic Ecuador effect El Salvador employers estimates Exp2 factors female labor force Female Occupations female participation Figure formal employment globalization higher Honduras hourly wage human capital important income equations increase indicate informal economy informal employment informal sector informal workers Inter-American Development Bank labor force participation labor market Latin America measure ment Mexico non-wage number of children Oaxaca occupational segregation part-time pension percent percentage productivity programs rate of participation ratios reform region salary differences Santiago schooling Selectivity Yedu self-employed self-employment significant social insurance social protection social security statistical TABLE tion Total trade liberalization trend urban Uruguay variables Venezuela wage differences wage gaps women aged 46 women in informal Women Men Women women workers World Bank